The semantics of the Qur’ an is a methodical thematic interpretation that is able to present the meaning of words in the worldview of the Creator of the Universe to human beings and explain the Divine culture, provided that it is performed in accordance with Qur’ anic principles. First of all, “ the meaning” should be determined in the semantics of the Qur’ an. This research studies the definition of meaning, concept, applicability, semantics and pragmatics to show a phenomenological definition of “ meaning” in the Qur’ anic semantics. Also, according to the effect of pragmatics in defining the proper “ meaning” , the effective characteristics of the Speaker and the addressee of the Qur’ an in defining “ meaning” have been specified. In addition, some of the theories of Muslim scholars regarding the meaning on which the word is assigned, and affect in determining the “ meaning” and finally selecting the appropriate method, is analyzed. Accordingly, based on the “ principle of embodying” in the critique of the theory of “ the spirit of meaning” , it is approved that the word using for meanings of the transcendent worlds is metaphorical. Additionally, the capability of semantics schools for studying the Qur’ anic concepts is shown. Finally, through illustrating the characteristics that “ meaning” should have in the Qur’ anic semantics, the superiority of the cognitive school in analyzing Qur’ anic vocabulary is proven. Based on the definition of “ meaning” in such a school, some other features of the Qur’ anic meaning are expressed as well.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, a group of western scholars have written works on the Qur’, an, namely Syriac-oriented. Syriacists believe that the Syriac dialect was being spoken in the world of Arab Christianity and so the Arabic Qur’, an originated in this world. Therefore, the Qur’, an, the first Islamic hadiths and beliefs need to be interpreted in the light of pre-Islamic Syriac sources or simultaneous with the emergence of these texts and beliefs. Accordingly, the Qur’, an and Islamic hadiths are better understood and interpreted in the context of Syriac sources than other pre-Islamic and post-Islamic Arabic sources. Referring to the background and trends of Qur’, anic scholarship in the West during the last two centuries and the importance of Syriac in understanding and interpreting the Qur’, an, four examples of Syriac-oriented researches are introduced here: “, The statements of thā, litu thalā, tha ( ثالثُ ثَلاثَةٍ ) and also shubbiha lahum ( ھ, َ لَھ, ُم 􀑧, 􀑧, 􀑧,بِّ􀑧, 􀑧, 􀑧, 􀑧, 􀑧, 􀑧,شُ) in the Qur’, an”,by Sidney Griffith,“, Joseph among the Ishmaelites: Q 12 in light of Syriac sources”,by Joseph Witztum,“, Condemnation in the Qur’, an and the Syriac Gospel of Matthew”,by Emran Iqbal El-Badawi,and finally, an article by Ilkka Lindstedt about the apocalyptic events in the first century AH. In conclusion, although it may be admitted that these sources may have provided the oral context for Bible stories, and therefore sometimes provide a better understanding of Qur’, anic verses, especially the stories of the prophets, they could not be giving up altogether, as excuses for flaws in Islamic sources, and turned entirely to sources that were themselves controversial.

Metaphor is an expressional and explicative art in which two different expressions juxtapose with each other that result in unity (identity) of opposites. This expressive style represents a new interpretation from two different things that reader or listener cannot feel it by its actual use and we can see a lot of these artistic expressions in Qur’ an. The author of this paper tries to evaluate the elegances of metaphor in Qur’ anic prayers. Initially, the writer defines metaphor and evaluated the causes of its excellence over simile; then, paper is divided into two sections namely, extended and implicit metaphors. In each section, the metaphors that are used in Qur’ anic prayers are extracted and then we discuss their aesthetics effects. The thing that can be resulted at the end is that, the most important aesthetics aspects of metaphors in Qur’ anic prayers are: 1-hyperbole; 2-observance of order and congruence in Ayahs and composing a kind of music in discourse in such a way that speech losses its monotony; 3-Personification (characterization in inanimate objects); 4-admiring appearance and the meaning of word. The thing that is important among all of the Qur’ anic Ayahs is the issue of the Ayahs’ style and texture, in such a way that without considering it we cannot get the meaning and concept of the metaphor. The writer of this paper proposes an analysis of all of the Qur’ anic metaphors using inductive and descriptive method to get a better and more tangible result.

The phrase "Ḥadīthunā" appears in several categories of well-known hadiths, including the difficult and complex traditions. The texts and Isnad of these hadiths are generally reliable, and there is no serious doubt about attributing them to the impeccable Imams (AS). What is questionable, however, is the meaning of this phrase and the intended message of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). In this article, an attempt has been made to first identify the juristic conceptualization of the apparent and initial meaning of "Ḥadīthunā" based on the process outlined in the book "Ḥadīth Understandin Method." Then, internal and external indicators, especially within the hadith tradition, have been examined. Based on this endeavor, we have concluded that "Ḥadīthunā" refers to the exalted status of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and their unparalleled virtues and perfections. This conclusion contradicts a few traditions in which "Ḥadīthunā" are translated as the sublime and scientific content of their words. However, this initial conflict is resolvable. The proposed solution is to consider the lofty sciences and knowledge found in their words as part of their existential virtues.

David Kaplan divides indexicals into pure indexicals and true demonstratives, and holds that pure indexicals have character (linguistic meaning) and they can determine their referents (contents) only in a context. But true demonstratives lack the character unless they are used in a context and in this case they gain a character and can determine their referents. In this latter view, Kaplan has followed Frege. In bare bone theory both kinds of indexicals have character independently of context. But in this theory context has demonstratum as one of its ingredients. Nathan Salmon, too, agrees with bare bone theory except he holds that context has demonstration instead of demonstratum. I believe that among these three views, Salmon’s is more logical and matches more with our intuition.

In Saussure's thought، language is a passive and collective، universal system of signs، agreed upon by the members of a community، which is installed and fixed in their minds like software. The signs of language only gain their value، role، and meaning in relation to each other within the system، and they are contrasted with one another. Therefore، it is not the form، gender، or other characteristics that determine the role، value، and meaning of a sign، but the structure، rules، and conventions. In fact، it is language that makes speech and thought possible by creating distinctions. In this way، the source of meaning in structuralist thought is language، which، according to the features assigned to it، exists before the speaker and text. This study، using a descriptive-analytical method، aims to explain Saussurian structuralist semantics while highlighting the shortcomings of this approach. The result of the study shows that Saussure’s structural semiotic system is like a dictionary، where signs are mechanically connected to referents in a closed، collective system، and signs are distinguished from one another in a structural order. As a result، the word is considered the unit of meaning study، and linguistic knowledge is treated as encyclopedic knowledge. When we consider the word as the unit of meaning study، we assume that words have meaning before being placed in a sentence، whereas the meaning of a word cannot be analyzed independently of the context it is used in، the prevailing atmosphere، and the information stored in the memory of language users

A derivative (mushtaq) in Sadra’s philosophical jargon, he claims, is what mystics call as "name" (Ism). Elsewhere proposing a subtle distinction between names, descriptions and essences he mentions the word “name” on a par with derivatives. In Mafatih-alghayb he puts this view forward that opposite to real things, mental universal intelligibles are capable of being referred by names. Moreover he claims that there is a hierarchy (species, genus…) of names in divine world on a par with things in real world. Later he rejects the very point of view that only universal essences (quiddities) are capable of being named and surprisingly add particulars as well as secondary intelligibles to the inventory of those who are referred by naes.He seems to enjoy an incredible double status in talking about meanings; a narrow point of view and a wide one; the latter being more evident when addressing reference-less names and name-less references. To be sure, the most novel aspect of Sadra’s theory is on naming the God (Allah). In Al-Asfar, he argues that the name of the God is a name for everything, and the reference of his name, is what referred to by every name. Having this singular property be satisfied, it is hard, if possible, to match ordinary theories of meaning to that of Sadra. That’s why I think those philosophers, Sajjad Rizvi for example, who use modern jargon in their interpretations of Sadrian theory of meaning, do mistakes.

This paper discusses about the future of the World Wide Web development, called Semantic Web. Undoubtedly, Web service is one of the most important services on the Internet, which has had the greatest impact on the generalization of the Internet in human societies. Internet penetration has been an effective factor in growth of the volume of information on the Web. The massive growth of information on the Web has led to some problems, the most important one is search query. Nowadays, search engines use different techniques to deliver high quality results, but we still see that search results are not ideal. It should also be noted that information retrieval techniques to a certain extent can increase the search accuracy. Most of the web content is designed for human usage and machines are only able to understand and manipulate data at word level. This is the major limitation for providing better services to web users. The solution provided for this topic is to display the content of the web in such a way that it can be readily understood and comprehensible to the machine. This solution, which will lead to a huge transformation on the Web is called the Semantic Web and will begin. Better results for responding to the search for semantic web users, is the purpose of this research. In the proposed method, the expression, searched by the user, will be examined according to the related topics. The response obtained from this section enters to a rating system, which is consisted of a fuzzy decision-making system and a hierarchical clustering system, to return better results to the user. It should be noted that the proposed method does not require any prior knowledge for clustering the data. In addition, accuracy and comprehensiveness of the response are measured. Finally, the F test is applied to obtain a criterion for evaluating the performance of the algorithm and systems. The results of the test show that the method presented in this paper can provide a more precise and comprehensive response than its similar methods and it increases the accuracy up to 1. 22%, on average.

Intertextuality is of the recent issues in the field of literary studies, dealing with the relationship between two texts. Different theorists have clarified this method with different approaches and analyzes. Genette is one of the most famous contemporary theorists in the field who has studied in detail the types of intertextual relations and how they are analyzed. Among the religious texts, the relationship between Nahj al and the Holy Qur’ an, especially considering that Imam Ali (Pbuh) is considered as the spoken Qur’ an and has been emphasized on his accompaniment with the Qur’ an, has always been the subject of Nahj ’ s commentators. Applying the method of intertextuality in analyzing this relationship not only helps to deepen our understanding of both the Quran and, but leads to have in hand a standard method to study it. This method has several functions, one of which is the correction of texts. Regarding this purpose, the present paper investigates and concludes that this method could recognize the (unintentionally change), darj (insertion), and (cluttering) in ’ s text. is sometimes done in vocabulary signs, and sometimes in the root of the words, of which ten examples were found in. Another damage was the insertion of one or more words in the text of a, of which two examples were found there. The other is cluttering of the text of a of which only one was found there.